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ECG

Hyperkalemia
  • narrowing and peaking of T waves
  • AV conduction  delay
  • diminution of P waves
  • prolonged PR interval and widening of QRS interval
  • sine-wave pattern
Hypokalemia
  • flattening or inversion of T waves
  • prominent U waves
  • ST segment depression
  • prolonged QU  interval
  • severe hypokalemia-prolonged PR interval, decreased voltage and widening of QRS complex
Hypermagnesemia
  • changes similar to those of hyperkalemia
Hypomagnesemia
  • changes similar to those of hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
  • shortening of QT interval
Hypocalcemia
  • prolongation of QT interval
Uraemia
  • changes similar to those of hypocalcemia in association with hyperkalemia
Hypothermia
  • prolongs repolarization, usually with a distinct convex elevation of the J point ( Osborn Wave)
Pericarditis
  • in acute phase , there is ST segment elevation with convexity upwards diffusely in all leads except aVR and there is no reciprocal ST depression.
Digitalis effect
  • the T wave is flattened at therapeutic levels and there is no reciprocal ST depression
SAH
  • marked QT prolongations with deep , wide T wave inversions  ( CVA-T wave pattern)
WPW syndrome
  • wide QRS , short PR interval and slurring of the initial part of the QRS (delta wave) 
Pulmonary thromboembolism
  • sinus tachycardia ( most common manifestation) , S wave in lead I , a Q wave in lead III and an inverted T wave in lead III ( S1 Q 3 T3)

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